Bronchoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure used extensively in respiratory diseases to visualise the
inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It plays a pivotal role in diagnosing and managing
various lung conditions, significantly impacting patient care. An instrument called a bronchoscope is inserted through
the nose or mouth and advanced into the trachea and major bronchi. Bronchoscopes come in two basic types and
are used suited for different situations.
Flexible bronchoscopy the more commonly used type, is typically performed under local anesthesia and
sedation. It's less invasive, allowing for evaluation of smaller airways and is more comfortable for patients.
The flexible bronchoscope is a thin, fibre-optic instrument equipped with a camera and light at the end. This
flexibility enables the bronchoscope to navigate the complex bronchial tree's twists and turns.
Rigid bronchoscopy is often reserved for specific cases like removing large airway obstructions, controlling
significant bleeding, or when structural support of the airway is needed during the procedure. It requires
general anesthesia and is performed in an operating room. The rigid bronchoscope provides a wider airway
passage, allowing for larger instruments and better control in certain procedures.
During bronchoscopy, various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can be performed. Biopsies can be taken from
inside the lungs to diagnose conditions like cancer, tuberculosis, or lung infections. It also allows for the collection of
sputum samples and the removal of foreign objects. In terms of therapy, bronchoscopy can be used for tumour
debulking, stent placements, and treating airway strictures.
The procedure is generally safe, but it carries minor risks like any medical procedure. Complications can include
bleeding, infection, and reaction to anesthesia. However, serious complications are extremely rare in expert hands.