Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), also known as Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), is a revolutionary medical procedure that offers an alternative to the traditional surgical replacement of the aortic valve. This minimally invasive technique is primarily used to treat aortic stenosis, a condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic valve, which impedes blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body.
Aortic stenosis can lead to significant health issues such as heart failure, severe chest pain, and syncope. Traditionally, this condition is treated through open-heart surgery, which involves a large incision and direct access to the heart. However, open-heart surgery poses significant risks, especially for elderly patients or those with multiple medical conditions. TAVI emerged as a less invasive alternative, significantly reducing the recovery time and risks associated with traditional surgery.
The TAVI procedure involves threading a catheter through the femoral artery in the groin or sometimes through the apex of the heart. The replacement valve, which is collapsible, is placed at the tip of the catheter. Using imaging guidance, the catheter is navigated to the heart, and the new valve is positioned directly within the diseased aortic valve. Once properly placed, the new valve is expanded, pushing the old valve leaflets aside, and takes over the function of regulating blood flow.
One of the most significant advantages of TAVI is the reduced recovery time. Patients typically spend less time in the hospital and can return to normal activities much faster than with traditional surgery. Furthermore, the procedure is often performed under local anaesthesia, reducing the risks associated with general anaesthesia. Despite its benefits, TAVI is not without risks. Potential complications can include stroke, vascular complications, and the possibility of the need for a permanent pacemaker. However, ongoing advancements in technology and technique continue to reduce these risks.
TAVI has become increasingly popular, especially for high-risk patients who are not suitable candidates for openheart surgery. The procedure's success has paved the way for its consideration in a broader range of patients, including those with intermediate and possibly low surgical risks. As technology advances, TAVI continues to evolve, offering hope and improved quality of life for patients with aortic stenosis.