The Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) placement, particularly concerning the insertion of an IVC filter, is a procedure aimed
at preventing pulmonary embolism, especially in patients who are at high risk of pulmonary embolism and cannot
be managed with anticoagulation therapy alone. It offers a protective measure against potentially fatal blood clots
while minimising the need for long-term anticoagulation therapy, which might not be feasible for some patients due
to various reasons like bleeding risks or intolerance to medication. The IVC is a large vein that carries
deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the heart.
The procedure involves the insertion of an IVC filter, a small device designed to catch and break up large clots
before they can reach the heart and lungs, which could be life-threatening. This is especially important in conditions
like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), where blood clots form in the veins deep in the body, usually in the legs.
Placement of an IVC filter is a minimally invasive procedure. The patient is usually awake but sedated. A small
incision is made, often in the neck or groin, and a catheter is inserted into the vein. Using imaging guidance, usually
fluoroscopy, the filter is then advanced through the catheter and deployed in the IVC.
There are different types of IVC filters – some are permanent, while others are retrievable. The choice depends on
the patient's risk profile and the likelihood of future clotting issues. Retrievable filters are often used when the risk of
pulmonary embolism is temporary.
Like any medical procedure, IVC filter placement carries risks. These include bleeding, infection, damage to the
blood vessel, and migration of the filter to another part of the body. There's also the risk of the filter becoming
clogged with blood clots, which might require additional intervention.